Others

Shampoo, when lathered with water, is a surfacant, which, while cleaning the hair and scalp, can remove the natural oils (sebum) which lubricate the hair shaft.

Shampooing is frequently followed by conditioners which increase the ease of combing and styling.

Shampoo cleans by stripping sebum from the hair.

Specialized shampoos

1. Anti-dandruff

   • Cosmetic companies have developed shampoos specifically for those who have dandruff
   • These contain fungicides such as zinc pyrithione and selenium sulfide which reduce loose dander by killing Malassezia furfur
   • Salicylayed derivatives are often used as well.

2. All-natural

   • Some companies use “all-natural”, “organic”, “botanical”, or “plant-derived” ingredients (such as plant extracts or oils), combining these additions with one or more typical surfacants.
   

3. Alternative

   • Alternative shampoos, sometimes labeled SLS-free, have fewer harsh chemicals – typically none from the sulfate family. They are claimed to be gentler on human hair.
   

4. Infant

   • Shampoo for infants is formulated so that it is the same pH level as the eye, thus less irritating if it were to get into the eyes.
   • Most contain ammonium lauryl sulfate and/or SLS. Alternatively, infant shampoos may be formulated using other classes of surfactants, most notably non-ionics which are much milder than any charged anionics used.
   

5. Animal

   • Shampoo for animals should be formulated especially for them, as their skin has fewer cell layers than human skin.
   • Cats‘ skin is 2-3 cell layers thick, while dogs‘ skin is 3-5 layers.
   • Human skin, by contrast, is 10-15 cell layers thick. This is a clear example of why one should never use even something as mild as baby shampoo on a cat, dog, or other pet.
   • Shampoo intended for animals may contain insecticides or other medications for treatment of skin conditions or parasite infestations such as fleas or mange
   • It is equally important to note that while some human shampoos may be harmless when used on animals, any haircare products that contain active ingredients/ drugs (such as zinc in antidandruff shampoos) are potentially toxic when ingested by animals.
   

Dentifrices include:

Toothpastes

Beneficial in decreasing the incidence of dental caries, reducing mouth odors, and enhancing personal appearance.

Some toothpastes may contain antioxidant, CoQ10 (eg, Q-Dent CoQ10)

Dentifrices include:

Toothpastes

Beneficial in decreasing the incidence of dental caries, reducing mouth odors, and enhancing personal appearance.

Some toothpastes may contain antioxidant, CoQ10 (eg, Q-Dent CoQ10)

A medicated adhesive patch that is placed on the skin to deliver a specific dose of medication through the skin and into the bloodstream.

Components of Transdermal Patch

1. Liner – Protect the patch during storage. The liner is removed prior to use.
2. Drug – Drug solution in direct contact with release liner.
3. Adhesive – Serves to adhere the components of the patch together along with adhering the patch to the skin.
4. Membrane – Controls the release of the drug from the reservoir and multi-layer patches.
5. Backing – Protects the patch from the outer environment.

Metered Dose Inhalers

MDIs or aerosol drug delivery system provides systematic or pulmonary drug delivery

These devices allow a drug to be inhaled as a fine mist of drug or drug-containing particles

These use special metering valves to regulate the amount of formulation & drug that is dispensed at each dose

Particle size/Liquid Droplet Requirements:

• Space sprays - 50 millimicrons
• Inhalation aerosols - less than 6 millimicrons, will reach the respiratory bronchioles, while less than 2 microns will reach the alveolar ducts and alveoli.
• Dermatological sprays/aerosols - coarse droplet/ particle size.

Principle of Aerosol Technology

• Product concentrate – the active/s combined with the required adjuvants to prepare a stable and efficacious product.
• Propellant – may be liquefied gas or a mixture of liquefied gasses. It is responsible for developing pressure within an aerosol container.

Aerosols Packaging Components

1. Plastic Coated Glass
   
   • allows level of contents to be seen
   • compatible with most formulations
   • plastic coating absorbs “neck shock” during crimping, provides barrier to broken glass
   • poor aesthetic finish, difficult to label, heavy
   • used for inhalation aerosols, containing dissolved drugs
2. Aluminum
   
   • light weight and seamless
   • can be screen printed, therefore visually appealing
   • easy to crimp and fill
   • incompatible with some propellants and solvents (can be anodized or epoxy coated)
   • opaque
   • used for inhalation and topical aerosols
3. Three-piece Tin Plate
   
   • corrosion inhibitors typically included in the formulation (not suitable for all products)
   • incompatible with some propellants and solvents
   • visible seams make it less appealing
   • can be pressurized from the base with compressed gasses